Definition: Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.
For example
I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs * (to) walk is an infinitive.
I lived in Germay. * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.
Examples
The truck demolished the restaurant.
The leaves were yellow and sickly.
non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot serve as a predicate and can be used in an independent clause only when combined with an auxiliary verb (e.g., "He can write" but not "He to write"). Rather, it can be said to head a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech (e.g., gerunds combined with articles or the possessive case); it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role—usually noun, adjective, or adverb—in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals:
participles, which include past and present participles and function as adjectives (e.g. burnt log, a betting man);
gerunds, which function as nouns and can be used with or without an article (the Running of the Bulls, studying Latin is a way to better understand English)
infinitives, which have noun-like (the question is to be or not to be), adjective-like (work to do), and adverb-like functions (she came over to talk). If in order can precede the infinitive ("she came over in order to talk"), then it must be acting as an adverb.[1]
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject
Verb
Object 1
Object 2
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter
to me.
Passive:
A letter
was written
to me
by Rita.
Passive:
I
was written
a letter
by Rita.
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Narrative text is a kind of text that tell us about something in from of story like fabel, legend, fairy tale, mystery, science fiction. - Legend : like toba, Malin kundang, tangkuban perahu, sangkuriang, etc. - fabel : Crocodile and mouse deer, etc - fairy tale : Snow white, cinderella, etc. - mystery : mirror, the ring, ghost ship, etc. - science fiction : spiderman, fantastic 4, electra, etc..
The generic structure : -cOmpLication -Resolution -re-OrienTation -Evaluation
the purpose of narrative text to entertaint or to amuse the readers..
Advertisement is inforMation for persuading and motivating people, so it will attract them to the service and the things that are offered or information.
FuncTion of advertisement: - PromoTion - Communication - information
In making on advertisement, keep the following points : a) Language of advertisement : -using the correct or suitable word -using the interesting and suggestive expression -using positive expression b) Content of advertisement : -objective and honest -not allude group or other producer -brief and clear
Kind of advertisement :
1. family advertisement 2. Invitation advertisement 3. announcement advertisement
Media of advertisement :
1. Television 2. Radio 3. Magazine 4. Leaflet 5. baliho 6. Bill board
Surprise pronunciation (help•info) is a brief emotional state that is the result of experiencing an unexpected relevant event. Surprise can have any valence; that is, it can be neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant.[citation needed] Accordingly, some would not categorize surprise in itself as an emotion.[citation needed] Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features: • Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high. • Stretched skin below the eyebrows. • Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. • Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris. • Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth. Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of fear, joy or confusion. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at least momentarily, is the most distinctive and predictable sign of surprise.
Disbelieve
IS kind of do not believes expression about something. E.g = - I don't believe that - it's not true - that's impossible - oh, No!! - Never! - yau must be joking - eTc...
Gratitude, appreciation, or thankfulness is a positive emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. In contrast to the positive feeling of gratitude, the feeling of indebtedness is a negative reaction to a favor. Even though our reactions to favors might not always be positive, researchers have found that people express gratitude often. Psychological research has demonstrated that individuals are more likely to experience gratitude when they receive a favor that is perceived to be (1) valued by the recipient, (2) costly to the benefactor, (3) given by the benefactor with benevolent intentions, and (4) given gratuitously (rather than out of role-based obligations) (e.g., Bar-Tal, Bar-Zohar, Greenberg, & Hermon, 1977; Graham, 1988; Lane & Anderson, 1976; Tesser, Gatewood, & Driver, 1968). Individuals who are induced to feel grateful are more likely to behave prosocially toward their benefactor (Tsang, 2006b) or toward unrelated others (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006).
Gratitude may also serve to reinforce future prosocial behavior in benefactors. For example, Carey and colleagues (Carey, Clicque, Leighton, & Milton, 1976) found that customers of a jewelry store who were called and thanked showed a subsequent 70% increase in purchases. In comparison, customers who were thanked and told about a sale showed only a 30% increase in purchases, and customers who were not called at all did not show an increase. Rind and Bordia (1995) found that restaurant patrons gave bigger tips when their servers wrote “Thank you” on their checks.
Research has also suggested that feelings of gratitude may be beneficial to subjective emotional well-being (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). For example, Watkins and colleagues (Watkins et al., 2003) had participants test a number of different gratitude exercises, such as thinking about a living person for whom they were grateful, writing about someone for whom they were grateful, and writing a letter to deliver to someone for whom they were grateful. Participants in the control condition were asked to describe their living room. Participants who engaged in a gratitude exercise showed increases in their experiences of positive emotion immediately after the exercise, and this effect was strongest for participants who were asked to think about a person for whom they were grateful. Participants who had grateful personalities to begin with showed the greatest benefit from these gratitude exercises. In people who are grateful in general, life events have little influence on experienced gratitude.
Although gratitude is something that anyone can experience, some people seem to feel grateful more often than others. People who tend to experience gratitude more frequently than do others also tend to be happier, more helpful and forgiving, and less depressed than their less grateful counterparts.
Noun1.congratulation - the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration
2.congratulation - (usually plural) an expression of pleasure at the success or good fortune of another; "I sent them my sincere congratulations on their marriage"
When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
Direct Speech
Þ
Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”
Þ
simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”
Þ
past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
Þ
past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”
Þ
past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”
Þ
perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”
Þ
would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”
Þ
present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech
Þ
Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”
Þ
simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”
Þ
infinitive He said to go to school every day.
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
Direct Speech
Þ
Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”
Þ
simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”
Þ
present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”
Þ
past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”
Þ
future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
Direct Speech
Þ
Indirect Speech
can He said, “I cango to school every day.”
Þ
could He said (that) he couldgo to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”
Þ
might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”
Þ
had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”
Þ
should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”
Þ
ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.
For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
+
I, you, we, they
like
coffee.
He, she, it
likes
coffee.
-
I, you, we, they
do
not
like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not
like
coffee.
?
Do
I, you, we, they
like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it
like
coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
subject
main verb
+
I
am
French.
You, we, they
are
French.
He, she, it
is
French.
-
I
am
not
old.
You, we, they
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
?
Am
I
late?
Are
you, we, they
late?
Is
he, she, it
late?
How do we use the Simple Present Tense?
We use the simple present tense when:
the action is general
the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
the action is not only happening now
the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
past
present
future
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
I live in New York.
The Moon goes round the Earth.
John drives a taxi.
He does not drive a bus.
We do not work at night.
Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right? Tara is not at home. You are happy.
past
present
future
The situation is now.
I am not fat. Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall.
past
present
future
The situation is general. Past, present and future.
i thinK i am SmaRT (eMang bNerh ;p), i am taLL, 1/2 sLim (kwkwkwkwkw), buT i believe with my self, i can reaching my dream, i use veil and i am moslimah...
i can make my friends fun and Like with me...
i Like WiTh fasT food n HALAL,, buT i do not Like waiT!!
kwkwkwkwkwkwkw
i tHink JusT thaT abOuT me..
wHat abouT you??
